Pore Fluid Flow

To define element-based pore fluid flow, specify the element or element set name; the distributed load type; the reference pore pressure, $u_w^{\mathrm{\infty }}$ ; and the reference seepage coefficient, $k_s$ . The face of the elements upon which the normal flow is enforced is identified by a seepage distributed load type. The seepage types available depend on the element type (see About the Element Library).

FLOW
element number or element set name, Qn,  $u_w^{\mathrm{\infty }}$, $k_s$

To define surface-based pore fluid flow, specify a surface name, the seepage flow type, the reference pore pressure, and the reference seepage coefficient. The element-based surface (see Element-Based Surface Definition) contains the element and face information.

SFLOW
surface name, Q, $u_w^{\mathrm{\infty }}$, $k_s$

Drainage-only flow types can be specified for element-based or surface-based pore fluid flow to indicate that normal pore fluid flow occurs only from the interior to the exterior region of the model. The drainage-only flow surface condition assumes that the pore fluid flows in proportion to the magnitude of the current pore pressure on the surface, $u_w$ , when that pressure is positive:

where

$v_n$

is the component of the pore fluid velocity in the direction of the outward normal to the surface;

$k_s$

is the seepage coefficient; and

$u_w$

is the current pore pressure at this point on the surface.

Figure 1 illustrates this pore pressure–velocity relationship. This surface condition is designed for use with the total pore pressure formulation (see Coupled Pore Fluid Diffusion and Stress Analysis), mainly for cases where the phreatic surface intersects an exterior surface that is free to drain. See Calculation of phreatic surface in an earth dam for an example of this type of calculation.

Figure 1. Drainage-only pore pressure–velocity relationship.

When surface pore pressures are negative, the constraint will properly enforce the condition that no fluid can enter the interior region. When surface pore pressures are positive, the constraint will permit fluid flow from the interior to the exterior region of the model. When the seepage coefficient value, $k_s$ , is large, this flow will approximately enforce the requirement that the pore pressure should be zero on a freely draining surface. To achieve this condition, it is necessary to choose the value of $k_s$ to be much larger than a characteristic seepage coefficient for the material in the underlying elements:

where

k

is the permeability of the underlying material;

${\gamma }_w$

is the fluid specific weight; and

c

is a characteristic length of the underlying elements.

Values of $k_s\approx {10}^{5}k/{\gamma }_{w}c$ will be adequate for most analyses. Larger values of $k_s$ could result in poor conditioning of the model. In all cases the freely draining flow type represents discontinuously nonlinear behavior, and its use might require appropriate solution controls (see Commonly Used Control Parameters).

FLOW
element number or element set name, QnD,  $k_s$

SFLOW
surface name, QD, $k_s$

Seepage coefficients and reference pore pressures can be added, modified, or removed as described in About Loads.

The magnitude of the reference pore pressure, $u_w^{\mathrm{\infty }}$ , can be controlled by referring to an amplitude curve. If different variations are needed for different portions of the flow, repeat the flow definition with each referring to its own amplitude curve. See About Loads and Amplitude Curves for details.

To define nonuniform flow, the variation of the reference pore pressure and the seepage coefficient as functions of position, time, pore pressure, etc. can be defined in user subroutine FLOW.

FLOW
element number or element set name, QnNU

SFLOW
surface name, QNU

To prescribe an element-based seepage flow velocity, specify the element or element set name, the seepage type, and the outward normal flow velocity. The face of the element for which the seepage flow is being defined is identified by the seepage type. The seepage types available depend on the element type (see About the Element Library).

DFLOW
element number or element set name, Sn, $v_n$

Load module: Create Load: choose Fluid for the Category and Surface pore fluid for the Types for Selected Step: select region: Distribution: select an analytical field, Magnitude: $v_n$

To prescribe a surface-based seepage flow velocity, specify a surface name, the seepage flow type, and the pore fluid velocity. The element-based surface (see Element-Based Surface Definition) contains the element and face information.

DSFLOW
surface name, S, $v_n$

Load module: Create Load: choose Fluid for the Category and Surface pore fluid for the Types for Selected Step: select region: Distribution: Uniform, Magnitude: $v_n$

To prescribe node-based seepage flow, specify the node or node set name and the magnitude of the flow per unit time.

CFLOW
node number or node set name,  , magnitude

Load module: Create Load: choose Fluid for the Category and Concentrated pore fluid for the Types for Selected Step: select region: Magnitude: magnitude

For an enriched element (see Modeling Discontinuities as an Enriched Feature Using the Extended Finite Element Method), you can specify the seepage flow at a phantom node that is originally located coincident with the specified real node.

Alternatively, you can specify the seepage flow at a phantom node located at an element edge between two specified real corner nodes directly or indicate that the pore pressure applied to a phantom node located at an element edge is interpolated from the specified real corner nodes.

CFLOW, PHANTOM=NODE
node number,  , magnitude

CFLOW, PHANTOM=EDGE
first corner node number, second corner node number,  magnitude

CFLOW, PHANTOM=INCLUDED
node or node set name, , magnitude

Seepage flow velocities can be added, modified, or removed as described in About Loads.

The magnitude of the seepage velocity, $v_n$ , can be controlled by referring to an amplitude curve. To specify different variations for different flows, repeat the seepage flow velocity or seepage flow definition with each referring to its own amplitude curve. See About Loads and Amplitude Curves for details.

To define nonuniform element-based or surface-based flow, the variation of the seepage magnitude as a function of position, time, pore pressure, etc. can be defined in user subroutine DFLOW. If the optional seepage velocity, $v_n$ , is specified directly, this value is passed into user subroutine DFLOW in the variable used to define the seepage magnitude.

DFLOW
element number or element set name, SnNU, $v_n$

DSFLOW
surface name, SNU, $v_n$

Load module: Create Load: choose Fluid for the Category and Surface pore fluid for the Types for Selected Step: select region: Distribution: User-defined, Magnitude: $v_n$